放疗副作用的中西医药的一般护理、调理方法

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一、 针对直肠癌放疗的不良反应，医生的常规护理

一、全身消化系统、血液系统、心血管系统的反应；　　

直肠癌患者在接受放疗后的全身副作用表现为一系列的功能失调与紊乱，例如很多患者再接受了放疗之后会感到头晕、头痛、目眩、脱发、全身乏力、精神不振、身体衰弱、烦躁不安、疲乏和食后胀满等副作用。

消化系统症状：一般表现为—消化不良、食欲下降、恶心呕吐、腹泻、腹疼、腹胀等消化系统反应；

血液系统反应；白细胞、血小板减少、甚至于全血减少、出现凝血异常；都是放疗遏制骨髓所致；

心血管系统症状：一般表现为心跳过速、心慌、心律不齐现象。

二、直肠癌患者在接受放疗后的局部皮肤反应及护理

干性皮肤的患者一般表现为皮肤瘙痒，放疗中后期有烧灼和刺疼感，伴随脱皮的症状；对于油性皮肤的患者来说表现为照射的部位有红斑、充血水肿、有水泡和湿疹，严重的情况下有可能会造成糜烂、形成溃疡。

放疗照射部位出现的破溃区域护理；放疗区域皮肤尽量暴露，或者穿纯棉的宽松衣裤；避免摩擦和挠痒，有痒感时可轻轻拍打，避免不良的刺激，不可擦刺激性强的药物如碘伏或酒精，避免张贴胶布；创区的小水泡让皮肤自行吸收，大水泡刺穿排液，破溃的水泡创面擦庆大霉素软膏或康复新，预防感染。若放疗区域炎症严重，医生一般会做抗感染处理。

三、放射性口腔黏膜炎的症状和护理方法

患者会有局部黏膜反应：轻度的话表现是患者口腔粘膜出现红斑、红肿、充血、口干、分泌物减少、稍痛、并且还会影响进食;中度表现为患者的口咽部位明显充血且水肿、还有溃疡的形成、有明显疼痛;重度表现为患者的口腔粘膜充血严重、并且出现糜烂、出血的症状，此外还会融合成白膜，溃疡严重，严重时伴有脓性的分泌物，而且患者会感到口腔有剧痛，牙龈肿痛，牙齿松动、甚至无法进食，并偶尔伴随着发热的症状。

四、放疗期间口腔粘膜炎的缓解方法及饮食注意事项

    放化疗期间化疗药会破坏口腔黏膜，导致口腔发炎，牙齿发酸，牙齿松脱，口腔溃疡，患者只要每天用淡盐水漱口8-10次就能够缓解，严重的每天多漱口几次就行！不能够使用带有酒精的漱口水漱口，会加重口腔炎的病情！放疗期间患者宜进食温软食品；不宜吃过冷、过热、过硬食物，忌辛辣刺激食物，戒烟戒酒。进食容易消化的高蛋白食物和青菜水果。

以上就是关于直肠癌患者在接受放射性治疗后会产生的三大副作用了，它对于肠癌患者的身体肯定是存在着一定的副作用的，因此直肠癌患者在接受放射性治疗前一定要做好心理准备，学习、了解放疗会带来的一系列的副作用及护理、调理方法，这样有了心理准备和护理准备之后，患者在放疗期间就不会感到太难受。

五、直肠癌放疗热心群友总结七条放疗期间的护理要点

一：放疗前为患者准备宽松的（纯棉）衣裤。饮食方面保证营养，蔬菜水果多样化（可以榨汁喝），少吃有渣食物，忌生冷刺激性食物。 

二：放疗患者必须保持皮肤上紫色标记的清晰，勿将标记洗去。如有褪色应及时告知医生，切不可自行描画。 

三：放疗前需要憋尿，憋尿使膀胱充盈可以把部分小肠从盆腔挤到腹腔，以最大的限度减少对小肠的照射。放疗也会损伤泌尿系统，出现尿频.尿急.尿痛排尿困难，多喝水可以缓解一下。 

四：放疗初期皮肤没什么症状，但白细胞会下降.便秘或腹泻.食欲不振，腹泻严重可用易蒙停，便秘患者建议每天喝胡萝卜西红柿酱 

五：放疗中期放疗部位开始出现发红.发痒.女性患者会阴部也会有反应。发痒部位切不可用手挠，实在难受就用干净的纸巾按按。 

六：放疗后期皮肤会严重溃疡，大便次数增多，肛门下坠里急后重，肛周疼痛，女性会阴部也会溃疡。一旦溃疡需要纱布蘸药水（B12，护士站配）定时清洗溃疡处，女性患者每次小便后都要清洗会阴部，再给予消炎药，促进伤口愈合，严重症状患者可以给予液体治疗。 

七：女性患者放疗后，因生理构造的特殊性，由于卵巢位于盆腔当中无法避开放射治疗，接受放疗的女患者会出现绝经及围绝经的不良反应，部分患者出现阴道干涩症状。年轻患者有生育需求，术前到生殖中心进行生殖细胞储备。


六、放疗引起皮肤炎症，肛门炎症和直肠炎症中药调理的经验之谈

 
    其实，在放疗引起的肛门附近皮肤炎症护理和调理方面，西医在处理放疗副作用方面就是擦消炎药膏和打消炎针，让受到放疗伤害的皮肤自己恢复；而这时中医、中药的调理方法比西医来得更为细致一些；其实，患者开始接受放疗时就可以有预见性的用木棉花煮水20分钟喝，木棉花归肠经是凉血凉肠的难得中草药，它不太寒冷适宜放疗疗程开始就每天喝，可以极大的缓解放疗对皮肤、肛门和直肠的伤害，虽然患者每天口服木棉花水，放疗区域皮肤和肛门都还会有肿胀的感觉，但是，保持患者身体更加寒凉一些，这样能够保持患者接受放疗的区域不容易发炎、溃烂，肛门不容易肿胀，直肠不容易出现放射性肠炎。

要是放疗中后期放疗区域和肛门炎症严重时，每天煮金银花水或蒲公英水喝能够很快减轻患者炎症的程度；金银花和蒲公英是中草药里最好的消炎中草药，西医等到患者创口溃烂发炎了才打消炎针、用消炎药治疗是治标，治已病；而传统中医喝木棉花水、金银花水、蒲公英水可以治本，治将病，中医治疗外伤都讲究外敷内服标本兼治，它是通过凉血让身体不容易发炎。

人体不管是治疗伤口还是治疗疲劳的身体和器官恢复活力，都是通过晚上睡眠时关闭减少流向四肌和大脑/视觉听觉器官的血液，集中血液流向需要修复的人体器官，人身体很热气的时候伤口就很容易发炎，发炎还很难好；而身体和血液比较寒凉时，留经伤口地方的血液对伤口的修复功能和效果就非常好，所以，通常我们夏天身体相对比较热气的时候伤口容易发炎，好得非常慢，而冬天身体热气比较少时伤口发炎的概率会少很多。

这个也是便秘的时候，硬便挤伤吻合口出血之后，不吃消炎解毒的中成药就会变成吻合口炎，其实，便秘吃消炎解毒的中成药不单止可以让大便软下来，更加可以给硬便挤伤出血的吻合口消炎，不至于出现吻合口炎，吻合口发炎又导致疼痛性大便紊乱大便紊乱又加剧吻合口炎，进入恶性循环。

有关放射性导致的大便紊乱和放射性直肠炎，另辟专门一章进行详细的分析和探讨护理和调理方法。

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