看懂血常规和生化报告的定期复查报告, 指导调理身体方向早着先鞭
第一节 每次定期复查肿瘤标志物、血常规、生化报告医生主要看什么内容
每次复查结直肠癌术后患者,应行血液学检查,如血常规,肝肾功能,电解质检查,血凝常规检查,肿瘤标志物检查,癌胚抗原cea,ca125,ca199,ca724,ca153等,特别是肿瘤标志物对于患者术后肿瘤的控制情况有重要意义,当肿瘤标志物特别是癌胚抗原cea升高时,应高度重视,做增强ct或增强核磁检查,甚至是需要做派特ct检查,尽早排除免烦恼,或者尽早确诊及时治疗、控制。
结直肠癌术后患者,应定期,及时复查肠镜检查,肠镜检查是发现原位复发的最主要手段,如果发现吻合口有异常的增生,必须取样化验,结合影像报告术区有没有异常的肿块组织,是否有异常的淋巴结肿大,结合肿瘤标志物,及时做出确诊复发、转移或排除的诊断,复发转移了就要做出四期的诊治方案,在省肿瘤医院以下医院治疗的患者,就要及时转院到省肿瘤医院以上专业肿瘤医院,去有丰富的晚期诊疗手段和诊疗能力的专业肿瘤医院诊治。
血常规是复查期医生监察患者体质的主要检查数据,复查期查血常规跟每次化疗前查血常规检查基本一样,主要还是看患者的白细胞、红细胞和血小板计数等关键数值,去判断患者复查期内的体质变化,特别是治疗期的复查和复发转移之后的定期复查,医生还要用这些数值做综合判断,判断治疗期结束康复期的患者有什么治疗后遗症需要调理,如;被放化疗遏制的骨髓重新造血的功能是否恢复,处于治疗期和复发治疗期的患者,医生还得根据血常规的各种数值去综合判断患者的血象是否耐受某种治疗,不耐受某种治疗措施,适合哪种药物不适合哪种药物的治疗的重要参考依据。
而生化报告里,医生通过对肝功能化验单的查看,可以很好的判断出一个人肝功能的情况,如果出现病变的话,医生可以根据患者的检查结果得出相应的结论。以此作为参考的依据。对于不同的医院来说,其肝功能化验单的所显示的结果的参考值可能会存在着差别,这是由不同的检测仪器基线决定的。
在肝功能的化验单中显示了包括对转氨酶,像谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶,白蛋白,球蛋白,白球比值,胆红素,胆汁酸等多项检查结果的显示。每一项检查结果显示的内容所代表的意思不尽相同,通过对肝功能化验单所显示的分析,再和参考值结果对比分析,可以判断出一个人的肝脏是否出现了问题,或者是问题的严重程度,不过很多人看不懂肝功能化验单,因此说患者或家属学会粗略看懂生化报告指标和血常规化验单的重要指标很重要。
而医生发现生化报告转氨酶升高等肝功能不全等迹象时,医生会及时的开护肝药,严重时会推荐转介患者去看肝胆内科医生,以尽快处理好肝脏的疾病问题,才不会影响患者接受化疗疗程的进程;或根据患者的身体素质综合情况调整患者的治疗方案,调整治疗肠癌药物或药物的剂量去综合平衡患者的身体状况和病情状况,让患者得到最安全和最大的治疗受益。
第二节 每次定期复查肿瘤标志物、血常规、生化报告患者或家属主要看什么内容
而患者和家属康复复查期看血常规报告,主要看红细胞和白细胞的恢复情况去评估患者这段时间滋补食疗的成果,治疗期和复发转移重新治疗期的患者和家属主要看综合血象,去初步判断患者未来接受哪种治疗的身体耐受能力如何,去提醒患者和家属做好滋补食疗和补血补气工作,去加大滋补食疗的力度去恢复患者的血象,提高白细胞、红细胞和血小板计数的读数,加大滋补食疗的力度去提升血象或减缓血象的下降速度。根据血常规和生化指标的综合数据对患者的体质有一个客观的认识,结合患者的病情去做综合治疗和体质的平衡和治疗手段和治疗强度和密度的综合取舍。
如:化疗治疗后期血象处于不合格临界点,肝肾功能处于临界点或者不合格的患者,就要慎重选择换化疗副作用反应很厉害的伊立替康二线化疗药;特别是复发转移后已经做了4次奥沙利铂+卡倍他滨化疗的患者,要是血象很差,肝肾功能处于崩溃的边缘的患者,虽然复发转移的病灶影像检查还在进展,肿瘤标志物检查癌胚抗原cea还在升高;但是,患者的血象和生化指标已经证明患者耐受不了这种副作用强烈的二线肠癌药治疗了,就要跟医生商量和在医生密切监察下使用这类药物,慎重使用这种需要强大的身体素质和肝肾功能支持,才可以耐受的药物治疗。
肠癌群6年来的经验,不少患者在复发转移之后结束奥沙利铂+希罗达四次疗程之后,复查复发转移病灶还在进展和cea还在升高,有些不太专业的肿瘤内科医生,会生搬硬套首次做化疗的套路,一线化疗方案四次化疗无效,第五次就换二线化疗药伊立替康的粗心做法,而导致患者肝肺功能急速恶化崩溃的病例不在少数,所以复查期患者和家属学会自己看血常规和生化报告时,它又是一个你与治疗医生交流的知识基础,也是医生建议两种方案要你选择其中一种治疗方案时,你科学选择一个适合患者的治疗方案的根本医学依据。
化疗后期特别是复发转移后的二次治疗后期,任何超过患者身体耐受力,会导致患者血象和生化指标急速恶化的用药,对患者来说都是不受益而且有害的;这个也是我们要选择专业医院,水平高的肿瘤内科医生做化疗的根本原因,水平高有经验的肿瘤内科医生,善于充分平衡患者的体质、血象、生化指标和病情去选择适合患者的治疗方案和治疗药物、选择对患者受益的治疗方案和治疗药物,或者配缓解化疗副作用和护肝护肾的药物,以让患者接受这种方案和药物的治疗时,对患者是可以耐受的也是患者受益的。
而肿瘤标志物里的癌胚抗原cea数值和上几次检查数值所形成的趋势,这种趋势也是医生和患者家属判断放化疗的治疗效果,肿瘤治疗后是否进展的重要参考依据。而肿瘤标志物指标报告里,ca724的轻微上升经验上通常还具有指导检查肠胃功能是否正常的作用,通常724超标的患者去做胃镜时常常有慢性胃炎或者胃糜烂、胃溃疡的情况被检查出来。而ca125超标的患者也经常被检查出来有妇科病,妇科炎症等疾病来。所以,患者和家属做完血常规和生化报告之后拿给主治医师解画时,医生含糊的说正常的血常规和检查报告数值,其实可以给我们带来很多的启示和指导作用。
而血常规报告又是复查期患者和家属监察患者体质的主要检查数据,复查期查血常规跟每次化疗前查的血常规检查一样,主要还是监察患者的白细胞、红细胞和血小板计数等关键数值,去判断患者复查期内的体质变化,血象下降时患者和家属要及时做好患者的滋补食疗工作,而滋补食疗更多都是需要通过血常规和生化指标来调整的,比如;患者红白细胞下降去到合格的边缘不远,而肾脏指标出现肾功能不全的情况,患者或家属做滋补食疗炖鱼胶时,就可以放进去可以升红细胞升白细胞、补血补气的枸杞、红枣、花旗参和补肾的如银杏等可以食用的补肾药果药材。
肾脏是人体最重要的器官之一,也是患者化疗时代谢化疗药毒性排出体外的主力器官,其功能主要是分泌和排泄尿液、废物、毒物和药物;调节和维持体液容量和成分(水分和渗透压、电解质、酸碱度);维持机体内环境(血压、内分泌)的平衡。每日经肾小球滤过的血浆大约有180L。
变态反应、感染、肾血管病变、代谢异常、先天性疾病、全身循环和代谢性疾病、药物、毒素对肾脏的损害,均可影响肾功能,主要表现为肾功能检查指标的异常,在临床诊断和治疗上具有重要的意义。
患者化疗前发现上述四种肾功能指标;一、血清尿素(BUN)、二、血肌酐、三、血β2-微球蛋白、四、尿酸四项主要的肾功能指标超标时,要适时挂号看泌尿科医生,提前调理好肾脏功能,肾功能不合格继续化疗,患者身体的化疗药毒性将会在体内积聚,伤害患者的身体。所以肾功能不合格是医生暂停化疗的因素之一。患者和家属要学会粗略看懂生化报告的肾功能指标,适时的调理好肝肾功能,配合医生完成全部化疗疗程。
第三节 术后前两年腹部B超和腹部增强ct轮流做?影像报告医生主要看什么?
结直肠癌术后患者,复查时应行胸部增强ct,腹部增强ct,盆腔增强ct检查,结直肠癌术后患者,肿瘤容易通过血液,淋巴结转移到,肺部,肝脏,盆腔等部位,如果发现这些部位异常,应及时做进一步检查,结合其它的检查结果,做出大概率的综合判断,以指导医生下续的诊疗措施。
- 腹部B超(肝胆脾胰)检查
结直肠癌术后患者,肝脏和肺脏的检查非常重要,和术区是每次影像复查的重中之重。肠癌肿瘤容易往肝脏转移,肝功能,彩超,ct等应定期穿插复查,这也是肠癌患者术后前两年腹部B超(肝胆脾胰)和腹部增强ct穿插轮流做的原因,保证每半年患者都做过一次腹部B超和腹部增强ct各一次,利用各种检查设备的优点,互补各种检查设备的缺点,发挥各种检查设备的功能优势,每半年给予患者一套最科学的影像检查;而肺脏的转移主要以每次检查都有安排的胸部正位片和ct平扫为主,每次复查都安排的胸部正位片有助于发现肺部结节及纵隔转移灶及周边淋巴结肿大。一般大于5mm的肺结节,检查报告就开始跟踪描述其结节的性质和形态,对于怀疑有肺部转移者需要进一步做胸部增强CT检查,以进一步排除或确诊肺部转移。
- 腹部增强CT检查
结肠癌术后患者一般每半年做腹部增强CT检查一次,直肠癌建议做下腹部ct检查,以了解局部是否有复发和腹膜后淋巴结是否有转移。根据原结直肠癌所在的部位决定是行上腹部CT增强还是下腹部CT增强,有不能够判断的怀疑复发结节时,医生一般还会建议患者做核磁检查甚至派特CT检查,用派特CT的异常摄取LUV值去帮助医生判断怀疑结节是否原位复发。结直肠癌术后患者,怀疑有骨转移的病人,应行核素骨扫描检查,以判断转移的部位,必要时可以局部核磁共振成像能明确骨质破坏情况,确诊骨转移之后要及时作出治疗处理,如对骨转移非常敏感、有效的放疗治疗。
为在每个复查期,更好更全面的了解患者术后复查期内的各种器官的变化情况,或者发现复发转移的征兆,及时做更进一步的检查以排除或确诊患者在某个器官的怀疑病灶,及时作出必要的判断和诊治措施,对某些怀疑病灶结合其它如肿瘤标志物指标、生化指标对高度怀疑的肝肺病灶和复查期怀疑异时转移病灶进行高概率的判断,医嘱随诊或者做进一步通过化疗观察怀疑病灶的变化,(不变、缩小、长大)去判断患者某个器官(如肝、肺、术区)高度怀疑结节是否确诊转移、复发,或者继续观察、或者排除怀疑。
结直肠癌术后患者,经济条件好的话每年可以进行一次PETCT检查,能较早发现患者的复发转移病灶,经济条件一般的患者一般要有高度怀疑的复发转移病灶,或者无法解释的癌胚抗原急速升高的情况时,医生才会建议患者和家属去做PETCT检查。
第四节 术后前两年腹部B超和腹部增强ct轮流做?影像报告患者和家属主要看什么?
一般患者术后每次复查影像检查时,影像检查医生都会将患者的上一次同类型设备做的检查结果做对比,去发现患者某个器官、某个身体部位在复查期内有什么明显或微小的变化或没有变化;并在检查报告中描述各个器官(主要以肝肺和术区)上次检查发现的异常的低密度影、低密度结节影、高密度结节、实性结节、不均衡强化结节、环形强化结节、囊肿、疤痕、条索影、钙化灶、形状等的变化、周边淋巴结影或淋巴结长大,并描述这些异常结节和淋巴结的尺寸,并在报告的依次写出检查所见和最后的诊断意见,对某些高度怀疑的结节或者首次超过要报告的肝肺5mm以上结节,该影像设备不能够很准确判别的结节,而建议外科医生医嘱患者做增强核磁乃至PETCT检查,或结合临床和其它检查结果,以进一步判断患者是否有复发转移的迹象。
患者和家属拿到报告之后要详细的看看各种报告检查所见和诊断意见描述病情的每一句话,特别是跟上次检查报告里检查所见中描述有发生变化的地方,如:上次报告描述是低密度影,现在是高密度影,上次是低密度结节,这次是高密度结节、或者实性结节,上次的实性结节现在变成不均匀强化结节,上次是不均匀强化,这次是环形强化结节;上次是淋巴结影,这次是小淋巴结、或肿大的淋巴结,并描述其尺寸,检查所见术区吻合口是不是增厚、是否强化?肠外是不是有肿块?术区周边是否有淋巴结影或者淋巴结肿大,并描述其最大者的尺寸,结合肠镜检查吻合口是否有新生的肿物等等,和在检查所见中新增描述的新的结节,达到5mm医生开始描述跟踪观察的结节,变大、变小、与上次相仿等检查所见描述和最后的诊断意见总结。
根据上述的综合检查结果去初步综合判断患者,在这个复查期内有没有高度怀疑的复发转移迹象;在给手术医生或胸外科医生、肝胆外科医生,或者心肺科医生看片或看报告之前,自己对报告有个基本的变化判断和了解变化的基础跟医生对话,询问看片、看报告的医生各种变化与没有变化的意义,特别是新增结节和新增肿大淋巴结,结节变实性和强化的结节,变大或者化疗之后变小的结节,吻合口增厚程度和周边是否有不正常的包块,和这种包块的形状及意义。在跟看片、看报告医生有限的交流时间里,略过一些没有变化或与前相仿等问题,一些囊肿问题,一些未见异常的常规表述问题,其它跟肠癌关系不大的器官的常规表述问题,重点跟医生讨论肝肺和术区的敏感变化问题和新增加新发现的结节问题,变大变小或变强化的重点问题。
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